@article{ref1,
title="The Myth of Social Class and Criminality: An Empirical Assessment of the Empirical Evidence",
journal="American sociological review",
year="1978",
author="Tittle, Charles R. and Villemez, Wayne J. and Smith, Douglas A.",
volume="43",
number="5",
pages="643-353",
abstract="Thirty-five studies examining the relationship between social class and crime/delinquency are reduced to comparable statistics using instances where the relationship was studied for specific categories of age, sex, race, place of residence, data type, or offense as units of analysis. The findings from 363 instances are summarized and patterns are identified. The overall results show only a slight negative relationship between class and criminality, with self-report studies reflecting lower associations than official statistics studies. Moreover, analysis demonstrates a clear historical decline in magnitude of association to the point where both self-report and official statistics studies done in the current decade find no class variation. This historical trend is shown to be due to changes in the findings from studies using official statistics as indicators of criminality. Alternative interpretations are discussed, but all lead to serious doubts about the adequacy of theories of deviance that contain assumptions of class differences. (abstract Adapted from Source: American Sociological Review, 1978. Copyright © 1978 by the American Sociological Association)Social ClassClass FactorsSociocultural FactorsSocioeconomic FactorsCrime CausesDelinquency CausesAdult CrimeAdult OffenderJuvenile CrimeJuvenile DelinquencyJuvenile Offender07-00<p />",
language="en",
issn="0003-1224",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}