@article{ref1,
title="The Relationship Between Lead Exposure and Homicide",
journal="Archives of pediatrics and adolescent medicine",
year="2001",
author="Stretesky, Paul B. and Lynch, Michael J.",
volume="155",
number="5",
pages="579-582",
abstract="Context: Previous studies have suggested that excessive lead exposure is related to aggressive and violent behavior.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between estimated air lead concentrations and homicide rates.Design: Cross-sectional ecological study.Setting: All counties in the contiguous 48 states of the United States.Exposure Measure: Estimated air lead concentrations and blood lead levels.Main Outcome Measure: The homicide rate in each county.RESULTS: Negative binomial regression was used to examine the relationship between air lead concentrations and the incidence of homicide across counties in the United States (N = 3111). After adjusting for sociologic confounding factors and 9 measures of air pollution, the only indictor of air pollution found to be associated with homicide rates was air lead concentration. Across all counties, estimated air lead concentrations ranged from 0 to 0.17 µg/m3. The adjusted results suggest that the difference between the highest and lowest level of estimated air lead is associated with a homicide incidence rate ratio of 4.12 (95% confidence interval, 1.02-16.61).CONCLUSION: The results of this study support recent findings that there is an association between lead exposure and violent behavior. (Abstract Adapted from Source: Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 2001. Copyright © 2001 by the American Medical Association)Lead ExposureViolence CausesHomicide CausesHomicide RatesAdult Violence02-03<p />",
language="en",
issn="1072-4710",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}