@article{ref1,
title="Precursors and Consequences of Membership in Young Gangs",
journal="Youth and society",
year="1997",
author="Dukes, Richard L. and Martinez, Ruben O. and Stein, Judith A.",
volume="29",
number="2",
pages="139-165",
abstract="Explanations of gang membership were studied in a population of 11,000 secondary school students. Lower self-esteem, perceived academic ability, psychosocial health, and bonds with institutions appeared to precede gang membership (selection model). Greater drug use, greater delinquency, greater fear of harm, and being armed were precursors and consequences of gang membership (facilitation and selection models). &quot;Wannabes&quot; were partway between nonmembers and members. Findings were consistent with gang membership as a result of lack of social integration. (Abstract Adapted from Source: Youth and Society, 1997. Copyright © 1997 by SAGE Publications)Gang CausesGang EffectsJuvenile GangPsychosocial FactorsPsychological FactorsJuvenile Self-EsteemSchool AchievementSelf PerceptionsJuvenile DelinquencyJuvenile OffenderDelinquency EffectsJuvenile Substance UseDrug Use EffectsAlcohol Use EffectsSubstance Use Effects10-99<p />",
language="en",
issn="0044-118X",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}