@article{ref1,
title="Opioid poisonings and opioid adverse effects in workers in Washington State",
journal="American journal of industrial medicine",
year="2013",
author="Fulton-Kehoe, Deborah and Garg, Renu K. and Turner, Judith A. and Bauer, Amy M. and Sullivan, Mark D. and Wickizer, Thomas M. and Franklin, Gary M.",
volume="56",
number="12",
pages="1452-1462",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To examine trends in opioid poisonings and adverse effects in Washington (WA) State and nationally.   METHODS: We calculated rates of opioid poisonings and adverse effects and examined opioid prescriptions in the WA workers' compensation system, 2004-2010. Using Health Care Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) data, we also calculated national rates of opioid poisonings and adverse effects, 1993-2010.   RESULTS: We identified 96 opioid poisonings and 312 opioid-related adverse effects in WA, 2004-2010. The rates did not change substantially over these years. Most poisonings and adverse effects occurred in cases without chronic opioid use and with prescribed doses <120 mg/day morphine-equivalent dose. Nationally, the rates of opioid poisonings and adverse effects increased significantly from 1993 to 2010.   CONCLUSIONS: Many poisonings and adverse effects occurred in patients without high dose or long-term opioid therapy, suggesting that opioid dosing and duration guidelines may not be sufficient to reduce morbidity related to prescription opioid use. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0271-3586",
doi="10.1002/ajim.22266",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22266"
}