@article{ref1,
title="Empirically determined, psychopathological subtypes in children with ADHD",
journal="Journal of attention disorders",
year="2013",
author="Zenglein, Yvonne and Schwenck, Christina and Westerwald, Eva and Schmidt, Catharina and Beuth, Sonja and Meyer, Jobst and Palmason, Haukur and Seitz, Christiane and Hänig, Susann and Freitag, Christine M.",
volume="ePub",
number="ePub",
pages="ePub-ePub",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to empirically determine subgroups of ADHD defined by specific patterns of psychopathology.   METHOD: A clinical sample of 223 children with ADHD, aged 5 to 14 years, was examined with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). In addition, comorbid psychiatric disorders, psychosocial risk factors, and socioeconomic status were assessed.   RESULTS: Cluster analysis of CBCL subscales yielded a solution with four distinct subgroups. While &quot;externalizers&quot; showed a high rate of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD), &quot;obsessive-compulsives&quot; exhibited thought problems, low rates of comorbid CD, and high symptoms of inattention. &quot;High psychiatric symptom carriers&quot; had high rates of familial risk factors, acute life events, comorbid ODD, and CD. &quot;Low psychiatric symptom carriers&quot; also scored low in all other variables studied.   CONCLUSION: Children with ADHD can be divided into four subgroups according to their CBCL-based psychopathology, and these subgroups differ in their risk factor profiles. (J. of Att. Dis. 2013; XX(X) XX-XX).<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1087-0547",
doi="10.1177/1087054713508312",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054713508312"
}