@article{ref1,
title="Development of a test methodology for the assessment of human impacts in sport",
journal="Procedia engineering",
year="2012",
author="Halkon, Ben and Webster, James and Mitchell, Sean and Mientjes, Martine",
volume="34",
number="",
pages="813-818",
abstract="The study described in this paper aims to develop a suitable method for the measurement of contact forces, pressures and velocities of simulated human-on-human impacts typical of those experienced within American Football. A thin-film pressure sensor system was chosen to enable the impacts to be quantified, however, initial testing suggested that the measured impact forces were underestimated by circa 30% with the system calibrated in the standard, static pressure manner. A two-stage, dynamic calibration was therefore developed, in which the sensors were subsequently dynamically loaded in a manner more representative of the impacts, allowing an appropriate dynamic calibration factor to be derived. To determine the typical impact force levels experienced in a shoulder-on-thigh impact event, eight subjects were required to perform three &quot;good&quot; tackles at two different velocities. The processed results identified a peak, transmitted force of 1.1 (0.4) and 1.7 (0.5) kN for &quot;low&quot; and &quot;medium&quot; velocities respectively, with corresponding effective areas of application of 70 (22) cm2 and 85 (25) cm2 and contact times of 0.257 (0.098) s and 0.245 (0.112) s respectively.<p />",
language="en",
issn="1877-7058",
doi="10.1016/j.proeng.2012.04.139",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.04.139"
}