@article{ref1,
title="Simulation of people evacuation in the event of a road tunnel fire",
journal="Procedia - social and behavioral sciences",
year="2012",
author="Caliendo, Ciro and Ciambelli, Paolo and Guglielmo, Maria Luisa De and Meo, Maria Grazia and Russo, Paola",
volume="53",
number="",
pages="178-188",
abstract="This paper presents basic findings obtained by means of a simulation model for representing an evacuation process from a curved bi-directional Italian road tunnel in the event of a fire. Simulations were carried out by using the STEPS people evacuation model associated with a CFD model simulating the fire. It was found that the evacuation time is primarily influenced by the walking time and to a less extent by the pre-movement time in all scenarios studied. The presence of an alarm system reduced the evacuation time for most the tunnel users, allowing them to reach the tunnel exit in safety.<p />",
language="en",
issn="1877-0428",
doi="10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.871",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.871"
}