@article{ref1,
title="Use of illicit drugs by truck drivers arriving at Paranaguá port terminal, Brazil",
journal="Traffic injury prevention",
year="2014",
author="Peixe, Tiago Severo and de Almeida, Rafael Menck and Girotto, Edmarlon and de Andrade, Selma Maffei and Mesas, Arthur Eumann",
volume="15",
number="7",
pages="673-677",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of recent use of illicit drugs among truck drivers who had parked their vehicles at the terminal port in Paranaguá City at Paraná State, South of Brazil. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was part of a larger research project conducted among drivers at a regional Brazilian port. Data on professional characteristics, involvement in road traffic injuries, sleep, and use of alcohol and illicit drugs were collected using a questionnaire. Urine samples were collected and analyzed for amphetamines, cocaine, and cannabis using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. RESULTS: 62 drivers were included in the study. Toxicological analyses showed that 8.1% (95% CI 2.7-17.8%) of the urine samples were positive for drugs (4.8% for cocaine, 1.6% for amphetamine, and 1.6% for both). No sample was positive for cannabinoids. 8.1% reported drug use during the preceding 30 days in the questionnaire and only one tested positive for the drug in the urine sample. In total, at least 14.5% (95% CI 6.9-25.8%) had used illicit drugs during the preceding 30 days based on self-reports and urine testing. Drivers who reported involvement in traffic injuries the year before more often tested positive for drugs in biological samples (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This research provides preliminary evidence that the use of illicit stimulants was common among professional truck drivers transporting grain loads. Thus, actions are needed to reduce drug use among truck drivers in order to prevent drug-related road traffic injuries.  Keywords: Cannabis impaired driving; DUID; Ethanol impaired driving <p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1538-9588",
doi="10.1080/15389588.2013.868893",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2013.868893"
}