@article{ref1,
title="Heat release rate of heavy goods vehicle fire in tunnels with fixed water based fire-fighting system",
journal="Fire technology",
year="2014",
author="Cheong, M. K. and Cheong, W. O. and Leong, K. W. and Lemaire, A. D. and Noordijk, L. M.",
volume="50",
number="2",
pages="249-266",
abstract="A series of large-scale fire tests for road tunnel application was conducted in a test tunnel facility in Spain. The aim of this fire tests program was to investigate the magnitude of the heat release rate generated by a fire in heavy goods vehicles (HGV's) with and without a fire suppression system in tunnels in Singapore; the possibility of interchanging a fire suppression system with other measures such as lowering the longitudinal flow velocity; and to acquire information on the appropriate design parameters (e.g., nozzle type, discharge density and activation time) to adopt based on the most probable fuel load used in these road tunnels. In order to ensure repeatability, simulated HGV's consisting of 228 pallets with 48 plastic pallets (20%) and 180 wooden pallets (80%) were used in all fire tests. An air velocity of approximately 3 m/s was applied. As the scope of work covered in this fire test program is very large, only the setup of the fire test and the findings on the effects of heat release rate with (Test 4) and without (Test 7) a fixed water based fire-fighting system are covered. The test results indicate that a substantial reduction of fire heat release rate can be obtained using a low-pressure deluge fire suppression system, as long as timely activation of the water is provided. However, the influence of the suppression system on CO production is significant. Such experimental data address the current dearth of knowledge on the actual effect of low-pressure deluge systems on the heat release rate from HGVs in tunnel fires.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0015-2684",
doi="10.1007/s10694-013-0367-0",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10694-013-0367-0"
}