@article{ref1,
title="Risk of self-harm and suicide in people with specific psychiatric and physical disorders: comparisons between disorders using English national record linkage",
journal="Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine",
year="2014",
author="Singhal, Arvind and Ross, Jack and Seminog, Olena and Hawton, Keith E. and Goldacre, Michael J.",
volume="107",
number="5",
pages="194-204",
abstract="BackgroundPsychiatric illnesses are known risk factors for self-harm but associations between self-harm and physical illnesses are less well established. We aimed to stratify selected chronic physical and psychiatric illnesses according to their relative risk of self-harm.DesignRetrospective cohort studies using a linked dataset of Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) for 1999-2011.ParticipantsIndividuals with selected psychiatric or physical conditions were compared with a reference cohort constructed from patients admitted for a variety of other conditions and procedures.SettingAll admissions and day cases in National Health Service (NHS) hospitals in England.Main outcome measuresHospital episodes of self-harm. Rate ratios (RRs) were derived by comparing admission for self-harm between cohorts.ResultsThe psychiatric illnesses studied (depression, bipolar disorder, alcohol abuse, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, schizophrenia and substance abuse) all had very high RRs (> 5) for self-harm. Of the physical illnesses studied, an increased risk of self-harm was associated with epilepsy (RR = 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.8-2.9), asthma (1.8, 1.8-1.9), migraine (1.8, 1.7-1.8), psoriasis (1.6, 1.5-1.7), diabetes mellitus (1.6, 1.5-1.6), eczema (1.4, 1.3-1.5) and inflammatory polyarthropathies (1.4, 1.3-1.4). RRs were significantly low for cancers (0.95, 0.93-0.97), congenital heart disease (0.9, 0.8-0.9), ulcerative colitis (0.8, 0.7-0.8), sickle cell anaemia (0.7, 0.6-0.8) and Down's syndrome (0.1, 0.1-0.2).ConclusionsPsychiatric illnesses carry a greatly increased risk of self-harm as well as of suicide. Many chronic physical illnesses are also associated with an increased risk of both self-harm and suicide. Identifying those at risk will allow provision of appropriate monitoring and support.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0141-0768",
doi="10.1177/0141076814522033",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0141076814522033"
}