@article{ref1,
title="The global epidemiology and burden of psychostimulant dependence: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010",
journal="Drug and alcohol dependence",
year="2014",
author="Degenhardt, Louisa and Baxter, Amanda J. and Lee, Yong Yi and Hall, Wayne and Sara, Grant E. and Johns, Nicole and Flaxman, Abraham and Whiteford, Harvey A. and Vos, Theo",
volume="137",
number="",
pages="36-47",
abstract="AIMS: To estimate the global prevalence of cocaine and amphetamine dependence and the burden of disease attributable to these disorders. METHODS: An epidemiological model was developed using DisMod-MR, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, using epidemiological data (prevalence, incidence, remission and mortality) sourced from a multi-stage systematic review of data. Age, sex and region-specific prevalence was estimated for and multiplied by comorbidity-adjusted disability weightings to estimate years of life lost to disability (YLDs) from these disorders. Years of life lost (YLL) were estimated from cross-national vital registry data. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were estimated by summing YLDs and YLLs in 21 regions, by sex and age, in 1990 and 2010. RESULTS: In 2010, there were an estimated 24.1 million psychostimulant dependent people: 6.9 million cocaine and 17.2 million amphetamines, equating to a point prevalence of 0.10% (0.09-0.11%) for cocaine, and 0.25% (0.22-0.28%) for amphetamines. There were 37.6 amphetamine dependence DALYs (21.3-59.3) per 100,000 population in 2010 and 15.9 per 100,000 (9.3-25.0) cocaine dependence DALYs. There were clear differences between amphetamines and cocaine in the geographic distribution of crude DALYs. Over half of amphetamine dependence DALYs were in Asian regions (52%), whereas almost half of cocaine dependence DALYs were in the Americas (44%, with 23% in North America High Income). CONCLUSION: Dependence upon psychostimulants is a substantial contributor to global disease burden; the contribution of cocaine and amphetamines to this burden varies dramatically by geographic region. There is a need to scale up evidence-based interventions to reduce this burden.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0376-8716",
doi="10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.025",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.025"
}