@article{ref1,
title="Significantly increased detection rate of drugs of abuse in urine following the introduction of new German driving licence re-granting guidelines",
journal="Forensic science international",
year="2012",
author="Agius, Ronald and Nadulski, Thomas and Kahl, Hans-Gerhard and Dufaux, Bertin",
volume="215",
number="1-3",
pages="32-37",
abstract="In this paper we present the first assessment of the new German driving licence re-granting medical and psychological assessment (MPA) guidelines by comparing over 3500 urine samples tested under the old MPA cut-offs to over 5000 samples tested under the new MPA cut-offs. Since the enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) technology used previously was not sensitive enough to screen for drugs at such low concentrations, as suggested by the new MPA guidelines, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening kits were used to screen for the drugs of abuse at the new MPA cut-offs. The above comparison revealed significantly increased detection rates of drug use or exposure during the rehabilitation period as follows: 1.61, 2.33, 3.33, and 7 times higher for 11-nor-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH), morphine, benzoylecgonine and amphetamine respectively. The present MPA guidelines seem to be more effective to detect non-abstinence from drugs of abuse and hence to detecting drivers who do not yet fulfil the MPA requirements to regain their revoked driving licence.  Keywords: Cannabis impaired driving; DUID; Ethanol impaired driving <p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0379-0738",
doi="10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.036",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.036"
}