@article{ref1,
title="Systematic review of the risk of parkinson's disease after mild traumatic brain injury:  results of the International Collaboration on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Prognosis",
journal="Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation",
year="2014",
author="Marras, Connie and Hincapié, Cesar A. and Kristman, Vicki L. and Cancelliere, Carol and Soklaridis, Sophie and Li, Alvin and Borg, Jörgen and af Geijerstam, Jean-Luc and Cassidy, J. David",
volume="95",
number="3S",
pages="S238-S244",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To synthesize the best available evidence on the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE and other databases were searched (1990-2012) with terms including &quot;craniocerebral trauma&quot; and &quot;parkinsonian disorders.&quot; Reference lists of eligible articles and relevant systematic reviews and meta-analyses were also searched. STUDY SELECTION: Controlled clinical trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies were selected according to predefined criteria. Studies had to have a minimum of 30 concussion cases. DATA EXTRACTION: Eligible studies were critically appraised using a modification of the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network criteria. Two reviewers independently reviewed and extracted data from accepted studies into evidence tables. DATA SYNTHESIS: Evidence was synthesized qualitatively according to modified Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network criteria. Sixty-five studies were eligible and reviewed, and 5 of these with a low risk of bias were accepted as scientifically admissible and form the basis of our findings. Among these admissible studies, the definitions of MTBI were highly heterogeneous. One study found a significant positive association between MTBI and PD (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-1.7). The estimated odds ratio decreased with increasing latency between MTBI and PD diagnosis, which suggests reverse causality. The other 4 studies did not find a significant association. CONCLUSIONS: The best available evidence argues against an important causal association between MTBI and PD. There are few high-quality studies on this topic. Prospective studies of long duration would address the limitations of recall of head injury and the possibility of reverse causation.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0003-9993",
doi="10.1016/j.apmr.2013.08.298",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2013.08.298"
}