@article{ref1,
title="Acute inflammatory biomarker profiles predict depression risk following moderate to severe traumatic brain injury",
journal="Journal of head trauma rehabilitation",
year="2014",
author="Juengst, Shannon B. and Kumar, Raj G. and Failla, Michelle D. and Goyal, Akash and Wagner, Amy Kathleen",
volume="30",
number="3",
pages="207-218",
abstract="OBJECTIVE:: To examine whether acute inflammation profiles predict posttraumatic depression (PTD) risk 6 and 12 months after traumatic brain injury. SETTING:: University-affiliated level 1 trauma center and community. PARTICIPANTS:: Adults with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (acute serum levels: n = 50; acute cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels: n = 41). DESIGN:: Prospective cohort study. MAIN MEASURES:: Patient Health Questionnaire; inflammatory biomarkers (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor α, soluble vascular adhesion molecule [sVCAM-1], soluble intracellular adhesion molecule [sICAM-1], soluble Fas [sFAS]). RESULTS:: Higher levels of acute CSF cytokine surface markers (sVCAM-1, sICAM-1, and sFAS) in an inflammatory biomarker risk (IBR) score were associated with a 3.920-fold increase in the odds of developing PTD at 6 months (95% confidence interval: 1.163-8.672). Having sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, or sFAS above the 75th percentile had a positive predictive value of 85.7% for PTD risk at 6 months. An IBR score including inflammatory biomarkers IL-7 and IL-8 showed a trending association with 12-month PTD risk (odds ratio = 3.166, 95% confidence interval: 0.936-10.708). CONCLUSION:: Acute CSF IBR scores show promise for identifying individuals at risk for PTD. Further research should assess acute CSF inflammatory biomarkers' relationships to chronic inflammation as a mechanism of PTD and should explore anti-inflammatory treatments for PTD, as well as prevention and screening protocols, and link inflammatory biomarkers to symptom tracking.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0885-9701",
doi="10.1097/HTR.0000000000000031",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000031"
}