@article{ref1,
title="Potential Contribution of Monoamine Oxidase A Gene Variants in ADHD and Behavioral Co-Morbidities: Scenario in Eastern Indian Probands",
journal="Neurochemical research",
year="2014",
author="Karmakar, A. and Maitra, S. and Verma, D. and Chakraborti, B. and Goswami, R. and Ghosh, P. and Sinha, S. and Mohanakumar, K. P. and Usha, R. and Mukhopadhyay, K.",
volume="39",
number="5",
pages="843-852",
abstract="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most frequently diagnosed behavioral disorder in children with a high frequency of co-morbid conditions like conduct disorder (CD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). These traits are controlled by neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), a mitochondrial enzyme involved in the degradation of amines, has been reported to be associated with aggression, impulsivity, depression, and mood changes. We hypothesized that MAOA can have a potential role in ADHD associated CD/ODD and analyzed 24 markers in a group of Indo-Caucasoid subjects. ADHD probands and controls (N = 150 each) matched for ethnicity and gender were recruited following the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-IV. Appropriate scales were used for measuring CD and ODD traits. Markers were genotyped by PCR-based methods and data obtained analyzed using the Cocaphase program under UNPHASED. Only eight markers were found to be polymorphic. rs6323 &quot;G&quot; allele showed higher frequencies in ADHD (P = 0.0023), ADHD + CD (P = 0.03) and ADHD + ODD (P = 0.01) as compared to controls. Haplotype analysis revealed statistically significant difference for three haplotypes in ADHD cases (P < 0.02). Statistically significant differences were also noticed for haplotypes in ADHD + CD and ADHD + ODD cases (P < 0.01). LD analysis showed significant variation in different groups. Multidimensionality reduction analysis showed independent as well as interactive effects of markers. Genotypes showed correlation with behavioral problems in ADHD and ADHD + CD. We interpret that MAOA gene variants may contribute to the etiology of ADHD as well as associated co-morbid CD and ODD in this ethnic group.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0364-3190",
doi="10.1007/s11064-014-1276-4",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11064-014-1276-4"
}