@article{ref1,
title="A review of 100 closed head injuries associated with facial fractures",
journal="Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",
year="1992",
author="Haug, R. H. and Savage, J. D. and Likavec, M. J. and Conforti, P. J.",
volume="50",
number="3",
pages="218-222",
abstract="One hundred closed head injuries associated with facial fractures treated over a 78-month period at a level I trauma center in Northeast Ohio were reviewed. The incidence of closed head injury in patients with facial fractures was 17.5%. Males suffered closed head injuries four times more often than females, and sustained severe intracranial injuries eight times as often. The 16- to 30-year age group predominated (59%). Although motor vehicle accidents were the most frequent cause of injury (61%), motorcycle accidents were associated with the most severe head injury. The mandible/midface fracture ratio (1.3:1) was almost half that of the non-head-injured population (2.1:1). Facial fracture complications were found to have a similar incidence (14%) as in the non-head-injured population, but were associated with more severe intracranial injuries.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0278-2391",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}