@article{ref1,
title="Oppositional defiant- and conduct disorder-like problems: neurodevelopmental predictors and genetic background in boys and girls, in a nationwide twin study",
journal="PeerJ",
year="2014",
author="Kerekes, Nóra and Lundström, Sebastian and Chang, Zheng and Tajnia, Armin and Jern, Patrick and Lichtenstein, Paul and Nilsson, Thomas and Anckarsäter, Henrik",
volume="2",
number="",
pages="e359-e359",
abstract="Background. Previous research has supported gender-specific aetiological factors in oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD). The aims of this study were to identify gender-specific associations between the behavioural problems-ODD/CD-like problems-and the neurodevelopmental disorders-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-and to investigate underlying genetic effects. <br><br>METHODS. 17,220 twins aged 9 or 12 were screened using the Autism-Tics, AD/HD and other Comorbidities inventory. The main covariates of ODD- and CD-like problems were investigated, and the relative importance of unique versus shared hereditary and environmental effects was estimated using twin model fitting. <br><br>RESULTS. Social interaction problems (one of the ASD subdomains) was the strongest neurodevelopmental covariate of the behavioural problems in both genders, while ADHD-related hyperactivity/impulsiveness in boys and inattention in girls stood out as important covariates of CD-like problems. Genetic effects accounted for 50%-62% of the variance in behavioural problems, except in CD-like problems in girls (26%). Genetic and environmental effects linked to ADHD and ASD also influenced ODD-like problems in both genders and, to a lesser extent, CD-like problems in boys, but not in girls. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS. The gender-specific patterns should be considered in the assessment and treatment, especially of CD.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2167-8359",
doi="10.7717/peerj.359",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.359"
}