@article{ref1,
title="Effects of pepper grenade explosions on non-combatant bystanders",
journal="Journal of public health policy",
year="2014",
author="Koul, Parvaiz A. and Mir, Hyder and Shah, Tajamul H. and Bagdadi, Farhana and Khan, Umar Hafiz",
volume="35",
number="4",
pages="499-505",
abstract="Pepper gas is used for riot control in many parts of the world. Yet, its effects on bystanders are largely unreported. We fielded a questionnaire-based survey of 500 bystanders exposed to gas when police used pepper grenades against belligerent 'stone-pelters' in the northern Indian state of Jammu & Kashmir. Of 294 non-combatants who consented to participate in our survey, 97 per cent developed cough and irritation of the throat within few seconds of breathing the pungent smelling gas. They reported respiratory problems, dermatologic symptoms, sleep disturbances, and mood changes with varying frequency. Sixteen reported exacerbations of underlying respiratory disorders, with one temporally related to death. Symptoms led 51 to get medical attention. Nearly all respondents reported that symptoms recurred on re-exposure. We conclude that use of pepper grenades can cause serious acute symptoms in non-combatants accidentally exposed. We recommend alternate methods of riot control - water cannons, baton charges, tasers, plastic or rubber bullets, and so on - that have no collateral side effects on non-combatants be considered for routine use.Journal of Public Health Policy advance online publication, 15 May 2014; doi:10.1057/jphp.2014.15.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0197-5897",
doi="10.1057/jphp.2014.15",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2014.15"
}