@article{ref1,
title="Adverse childhood experiences in the lives of male sex offenders: implications for trauma-informed care",
journal="Sexual abuse: a journal of research and treatment",
year="2014",
author="Levenson, Jill S. and Willis, Gwenda M. and Prescott, David S.",
volume="28",
number="4",
pages="340-359",
abstract="This study explored the prevalence of childhood trauma in a sample of male sexual offenders (N = 679) using the Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) scale. Compared with males in the general population, sex offenders had more than 3 times the odds of child sexual abuse (CSA), nearly twice the odds of physical abuse, 13 times the odds of verbal abuse, and more than 4 times the odds of emotional neglect and coming from a broken home. Less than 16% endorsed zero ACEs and nearly half endorsed four or more. Multiple maltreatments often co-occurred with other types of household dysfunction, suggesting that many sex offenders were raised within a disordered social environment. Higher ACE scores were associated with higher risk scores. By enhancing our understanding of the frequency and correlates of early adverse experiences, we can better devise trauma-informed interventions that respond to the clinical needs of sex offender clients.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1079-0632",
doi="10.1177/1079063214535819",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063214535819"
}