@article{ref1,
title="Left middle frontal gyrus response to inhibitory errors in children prospectively predicts early problem substance use",
journal="Drug and alcohol dependence",
year="2014",
author="Heitzeg, Mary M. and Nigg, Joel T. and Hardee, Jillian E. and Soules, Mary and Steinberg, Davia and Zubieta, Jon-Kar and Zucker, Robert A.",
volume="141",
number="",
pages="51-57",
abstract="BACKGROUND: A core vulnerability trait for substance use disorder (SUD) is behavioral disinhibition. Error processing is a central aspect of inhibitory control that determines adaptive adjustment of performance; yet it is a largely overlooked aspect of disinhibition as it relates to risk for SUD. We investigated whether differences in brain activation during both successful and failed inhibition predicts early problem substance use. <br><br>METHOD: Forty-five 9-12 year olds underwent a functional MRI scan during a go/no-go task. They were then followed over approximately 4 years, completing assessments of substance use. Externalizing behavior was measured at ages 3-8, 9-12 and 11-13. Participants with drug use or problem alcohol use by ages 13-16 (n=13; problem-user group) were individually matched by gender, age, and family history of alcoholism with non-substance-using children (n=13; non-user group). The remaining 19 participants provided an independent sample from which to generate unbiased regions-of-interest for hypothesis testing in the problem-user and non-user groups. <br><br>RESULTS: No differences were observed between groups in activation during correct inhibition compared with baseline. A significant difference arose in left middle frontal gyrus (LMFG) activation during failed inhibition compared with correct inhibition, with the problem-user group demonstrating blunted activation. The problem-user group also had more externalizing problems at ages 11-13. Logistic regression found that activation of LMFG significantly predicted group membership over and above externalizing problems. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Blunted LMFG activation during performance errors may underlie problems adapting behavior appropriately, leading to undercontrolled behavior, early problem substance use and increased risk for SUD.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0376-8716",
doi="10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.05.002",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.05.002"
}