@article{ref1,
title="The effects of visual and cognitive distractions on operational and tactical driving behaviors",
journal="Human factors",
year="2014",
author="Zhang, Yu and Kaber, David B. and Rogers, Meghan and Liang, Yulan and Gangakhedkar, Shruti",
volume="56",
number="3",
pages="592-604",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: This study tested the effects of two fundamental forms of distraction, including visual-manual and cognitive-audio distraction, with comparison under both operational and tactical driving. Strategic control remains for future study. <br><br>BACKGROUND: Driving is a complex control task involving operational, tactical, and strategic control. Although operational control, such as lead-car following, has been studied, the influence of in-vehicle distractions on higher levels of control, including tactical and strategic, remains unclear. <br><br>METHOD: Two secondary tasks were designed to independently represent visual-manual and cognitive-audio distractions, based on multiple resource theory. Drivers performed operational vehicle control maneuvers (lead-car following) or tactical control maneuvers (passing) along with the distraction tasks in a driving simulator. Response measures included driving performance and visual behavior. <br><br>RESULTS: Results revealed drivers' ability to accommodate either visual or cognitive distractions in following tasks but not in passing. The simultaneous distraction condition led to the greatest decrement in performance. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Findings support the need to assess the impacts of in-vehicle distraction on different levels of driving control. Future study should investigate driver distraction under strategic control.   Keywords: Driver distraction;<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0018-7208",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}