@article{ref1,
title="Who sits where? Infrastructure-free in-vehicle cooperative positioning via smartphones",
journal="Sensors (Basel)",
year="2014",
author="He, Zongjian and Cao, Jiannong and Liu, Xuefeng and Tang, Shaojie",
volume="14",
number="7",
pages="11605-11628",
abstract="Seat-level positioning of a smartphone in a vehicle can provide a fine-grained context for many interesting in-vehicle applications, including driver distraction prevention, driving behavior estimation, in-vehicle services customization, etc. However, most of the existing work on in-vehicle positioning relies on special infrastructures, such as the stereo, cigarette lighter adapter or OBD (on-board diagnostic) adapter. In this work, we propose iLoc, an infrastructure-free, in-vehicle, cooperative positioning system via smartphones. iLoc does not require any extra devices and uses only embedded sensors in smartphones to determine the phones' seat-level locations in a car. In iLoc, in-vehicle smartphones automatically collect data during certain kinds of events and cooperatively determine the relative left/right and front/back locations. In addition, iLoc is tolerant to noisy data and possible sensor errors. We evaluate the performance of iLoc using experiments conducted in real driving scenarios. <br><br>RESULTS show that the positioning accuracy can reach 90% in the majority of cases and around 70% even in the worst-cases.   Keywords: Driver distraction;<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1424-8220",
doi="10.3390/s140711605",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s140711605"
}