@article{ref1,
title="ACOEM practice guidelines: opioids and safety-sensitive work",
journal="Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine",
year="2014",
author="Hegmann, Kurt T. and Weiss, Michael S. and Bowden, Kirk and Branco, Fernando and DuBrueler, Kimberly and Els, Charl and Mandel, Steven and McKinney, David W. and Miguel, Rafael and Mueller, Kathryn L. and Nadig, Robert J. and Schaffer, Michael I. and Studt, Larry and Talmage, James B. and Travis, Russell L. and Winters, Thomas and Thiese, Matthew S. and Harris, Jeffrey S.",
volume="56",
number="7",
pages="e46-53",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: ACOEM has updated the treatment guidelines concerning opioids. This report highlights the safety-sensitive work recommendation that has been developed. <br><br>METHODS: Comprehensive literature reviews were accomplished with article abstraction, critiquing, grading, evidence table compilation, and guideline finalization by a multidisciplinary expert panel to develop evidence-based guidance. A total of 12 moderate-quality studies were identified to address motor vehicle crash risk, and none regarding other work among opioid-using patients. <br><br>RESULTS: Acute or chronic opioid use is not recommended for patients who perform safety-sensitive jobs. These jobs include operating motor vehicles, other modes of transportation, forklift driving, overhead crane operation, heavy equipment operation and tasks involving high levels of cognitive function and judgment. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Quality evidence consistently demonstrates increased risk of vehicle crashes and is recommended as the surrogate for other safety-sensitive work tasks.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1076-2752",
doi="10.1097/JOM.0000000000000237",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000237"
}