@article{ref1,
title="Patterns of change in implementation of state alcohol control policies in the United States, 1999-2011",
journal="Addiction",
year="2014",
author="Nelson, Toben F. and Xuan, Ziming and Blanchette, Jason G. and Heeren, Timothy C. and Naimi, Timothy S.",
volume="110",
number="1",
pages="59-68",
abstract="AIMS: To examine state alcohol control policy implementation by policy efficacy and intent. <br><br>DESIGN: A descriptive longitudinal analysis of policy implementation. SETTING: The United States, 1999-2011. PARTICIPANTS: 50 states and the District of Columbia. MEASUREMENTS: 29 state-level policies were rated based on an implementation rating (IR; range = 0.0-1.0) gathered from the Alcohol Policy Information System, government and industry reports, and other sources; and expert judgment about policy efficacy for addressing binge drinking and alcohol-impaired driving among the general population and youth, respectively.  FINDINGS: On average, implementation of the most effective general population policies did not change (mean IR 0.366 in 1999; 0.375 in 2011; slope for annual change = 0.001; 95% confidence interval for the slope -0.001, 0.002). In contrast, implementation increased over time for less effective policies (mean IR 0.287 in 1999; 0.427 in 2011; slope for annual change compared with most effective policies = 0.009; slope 95% CI 0.002-0.007), youth-oriented policies (mean IR 0.424 in 1999; 0.511 in 2011; slope for annual change compared with most effective policies = 0.007; slope 95% CI 0.005-0.009), and impaired driving policies (mean IR 0.493 in 1999; 0.608 in 2011; slope for annual change compared with most effective policies = 0.0105; slope 95% CI 0.007-0.014). <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of politically palatable state alcohol policies, such as those targeting youth and alcohol-impaired driving, and less effective policies increased during 1999-2011 in the US, while the most effective policies that may maximally protect public health remained underused.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0965-2140",
doi="10.1111/add.12706",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.12706"
}