@article{ref1,
title="Posttraumatic stress disorder in disaster relief workers following direct and indirect trauma exposure to ground zero",
journal="Journal of Traumatic Stress",
year="2006",
author="Zimering, Rose T. and Gulliver, Suzy B. and Knight, J. and Munroe, James and Keane, Terence M.",
volume="19",
number="4",
pages="553-557",
abstract="The present study compared rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in relief workers at the World Trade Center collapse from two sources: direct exposure to the disaster site and indirect exposure through survivor narratives. Standardized clinical interviews for PTSD were conducted with 109 relief workers 6-8 months after the September 11th terrorist attacks. Rates of acute PTSD from direct and indirect exposure to traumatic stressors were 6.4% and 4.6%, respectively. The findings suggest that indirect exposures can lead to PTSD even when Criterion A1 of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition-Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000, p. 463), i.e., &quot;experienced by a family member or other close associate&quot; is not met. Further research is necessary to define precisely the parameters of indirect traumatic exposure that may be linked to the development of PTSD.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0894-9867",
doi="10.1002/jts.20143",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.20143"
}