@article{ref1,
title="Raised speed limits, speed spillover, case-fatality rates, and road deaths in Israel: a 5-year follow-up",
journal="American journal of public health",
year="2004",
author="Israeli, A. and Krikler, S. and Friedman, L. and Barach, P. and Richter, E. D.",
volume="94",
number="4",
pages="568-574",
abstract="OBJECTIVES: We assessed the 5-year, nationwide impact on road deaths of the raise in the speed limit (November 1, 1993) on 3 major interurban highways in Israel from 90 to 100 kph. METHODS: We compared before-after trends in deaths as well as case fatality-an outcome independent of exposure (defined as vehicle-kilometers traveled). RESULTS: After the raise, speeds rose by 4.5%-9.1%. Over 5 years, there was a sustained increase in deaths (15%) and case fatality rates (38%) on all interurban roads. Corresponding increases in deaths (13%) and case fatality (24%) on urban roads indicated "speed spillover." CONCLUSIONS: Immediate increases in case fatality predicted and tracked the sustained increase in deaths from increased speeds of impact. Newtonian fourth power models predicted the effects of "small" increases in speed on large rises in case fatality rates. Countermeasures and congestion reduced the impact on deaths and case-fatality rates by more than half.",
language="",
issn="0090-0036",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}