@article{ref1,
title="State-specific, racial and ethnic heterogeneity in trends of firearm-related fatality rates in the USA from 2000 to 2010",
journal="BMJ open",
year="2014",
author="Kalesan, Bindu and Vasan, Sowmya and Mobily, Matthew E. and Villarreal, Marcos D. and Hlavacek, Patrick and Teperman, Sheldon and Fagan, Jeffrey A. and Galea, Sandro",
volume="4",
number="9",
pages="e005628-e005628",
abstract="OBJECTIVES: To document overall, racial, ethnic and intent-specific spatiotemporal trends of firearm-related fatality rates (FRF rates) in the USA. <br><br>DESIGN: Cross-sectional study per year from 2000 to 2010. SETTING USA PARTICIPANTS: Aggregate count of all people in the USA from 2000 to 2010. OUTCOME MEASURES: Data from the Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System from 2000 to 2010 was used to determine annual FRF rates per 100 000 and by states, race, ethnicity and intent. <br><br>RESULTS: The average national 11-year FRF rate was 10.21/100 000, from 3.02 in Hawaii to 18.62 in Louisiana: 60% of states had higher than national rates and 41 states showed no temporal change. The average national FRF rates among African-Americans and Caucasians were 18.51 and 9.05/100 000 and among Hispanics and non-Hispanics were 7.13 and 10.13/100 000; Hispanics had a decreasing change of -0.18, p trend<0.0001. In states with increasing trends (Florida and Massachusetts), Caucasians and non-Hispanics drove the rise; while in states with decreasing trends (California, North Carolina, Arizona, Nevada, New York, Illinois, Maryland), Hispanics and African-Americans drove the fall. The average national FRF rates due to homicides (4.1/100 000) and suicides (5.8/100 000) remained constant, but varied between states. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Endemic national FRF rates mask a wide variation in time trends between states. FRF rates were twice as high in African-Americans than Caucasians but decreased among Hispanics. Efforts to identify state-specific best practices can contribute to changes in national FRF rates that remain high.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2044-6055",
doi="10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005628",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005628"
}