@article{ref1,
title="Bitter taste causes hostility",
journal="Personality and social psychology bulletin",
year="2014",
author="Sagioglou, Christina and Greitemeyer, Tobias",
volume="40",
number="12",
pages="1589-1597",
abstract="The present research tested the novel hypothesis that bitter taste increases hostility. Theoretical background formed the intimate link of the taste-sensory system to the visceral system, with bitter intake typically eliciting a strong aversion response. Three experiments using differential bitter and control stimuli showed that hostile affect and behavior is increased by bitter taste experiences. Specifically, participants who consumed a bitter (vs. control) drink showed an increase in self-reported current hostility (Experiment 1), in hypothetical aggressive affect and hypothetical aggressive behavior (Experiment 2) and in actual hostile behavior assessed using a well-established method for non-physical laboratory aggression (Experiment 3). Furthermore, the effect occurred not only when participants were previously provoked (Experiments 2 and 3) but also when no provocation preceded (Experiment 1 and 3). Importantly, stimulus aversiveness and intensity did not influence the effects observed, ruling them out as explanations. Alternative interpretative frameworks and limitations are discussed.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0146-1672",
doi="10.1177/0146167214552792",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167214552792"
}