@article{ref1,
title="Control order and visuomotor strategy development for joystick-steered underground shuttle cars",
journal="Human factors",
year="2014",
author="Cloete, Steven and Zupanc, Christine and Burgess-Limerick, Robin and Wallis, Guy",
volume="56",
number="6",
pages="1177-1188",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: In this simulator-based study, we aimed to quantify performance differences between joystick steering systems using first-order and second-order control, which are used in underground coal mining shuttle cars. In addition, we conducted an exploratory analysis of how users of the more difficult, second-order system changed their behavior over time. <br><br>BACKGROUND: Evidence from the visuomotor control literature suggests that higher-order control devices are not intuitive, which could pose a significant risk to underground mine personnel, equipment, and infrastructure. <br><br>METHOD: Thirty-six naive participants were randomly assigned to first- and second-order conditions and completed three experimental trials comprising sequences of 90 degrees turns in a virtual underground mine environment, with velocity held constant at 9 km/h(-1). Performance measures were lateral deviation, steering angle variability, high-frequency steering content, joystick activity, and cumulative time in collision with the virtual mine wall. <br><br>RESULTS: The second-order control group exhibited significantly poorer performance for all outcome measures. In addition, a series of correlation analyses revealed that changes in strategy were evident in the second-order group but not the first-order group. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Results were consistent with previous literature indicating poorer performance with higher-order control devices and caution against the adoption of the second-order joystick system for underground shuttle cars. APPLICATION: Low-cost, portable simulation platforms may provide an effective basis for operator training and recruitment.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0018-7208",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}