@article{ref1,
title="Acute alcohol use among suicide decedents in 14 U.S. states: impacts of off-premise and on-premise alcohol outlet density",
journal="Addiction",
year="2014",
author="Giesbrecht, Norman and Huguet, Nathalie and Ogden, Lauren and Kaplan, Mark S. and McFarland, Bentson H. and Caetano, Raul and Conner, Kenneth R. and Nolte, Kurt B.",
volume="110",
number="2",
pages="300-307",
abstract="AIMS: To estimate the association between per capita alcohol retail outlet density and blood alcohol concentration (BAC) from 51,547 suicide decedents and to analyse the relationship between alcohol outlet density and socio-demographic characteristics among alcohol positive suicide decedents in the United States by racial/ethnic groups and method of suicide. <br><br>DESIGN: Analysis of U.S. data, 2003-11, National Violent Death Reporting System. SETTING: Suicide decedents from 14 U.S. States. CASES: A total of 51,547 suicide decedents tested for blood alcohol content. MEASUREMENTS: Blood alcohol content and levels were derived from coroner/medical examiner reports. Densities of county level on-premises and off-premises alcohol retail outlets were calculated using the 2010 Census. <br><br>FINDINGS: Multilevel logistic regression models suggested that higher off-premises alcohol outlet densities were associated with greater proportions of alcohol-related suicides among men - for suicides with alcohol present (BAC>0; adjusted odds ratio [AOR]= 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI]= 1.03-1.13). Interactions between outlet density and decedents' characteristics were also tested. There was an interaction between off-premises alcohol availability and American Indian/Alaska Native race (AOR=1.36; 95% CI=1.10-1,69) such that this sub-group had highest BAC positivity. On-premises density was also associated with BAC > 0 (AOR=1.05; 95% CI=1.03-1.11) and BAC≥ 0.08 (PubMed AOR=1.05; 95% CI=1.02-1.09) among male decedents. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In the US, the density of both on- and off-premises alcohol outlets in a county is positively associated with the alcohol-related suicide rate, especially among American Indians/Alaska Natives.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0965-2140",
doi="10.1111/add.12762",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.12762"
}