@article{ref1,
title="Relationship Between Coffee Use and Depression and Anxiety in a Population of Adult Polysubstance Abusers",
journal="Journal of addiction medicine",
year="2014",
author="Yudko, Errol and McNiece, Shannon Irena",
volume="8",
number="6",
pages="438-442",
abstract="OBJECTIVES:: This study examined the relationship between mental health symptoms and the use of tobacco and caffeinated beverages during and just before a counseling session in a population of adult polysubstance abusers. <br><br>METHODS:: The participants were all polysubstance users in substance abuse treatment. The participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory II and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory immediately after a treatment episode. They also reported whether or not they had drunk a caffeinated beverage or smoked a cigarette just before or during that treatment episode. <br><br>RESULTS:: Coffee drinkers scored significantly higher (mean = 20.3) on the Beck Depression Inventory II than did noncoffee drinkers (mean = 9.2). The differences between these groups on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were nonsignificant. There was no relationship between other caffeinated beverages or tobacco use and depression or anxiety. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS:: Caffeine use is associated with depression in adult polysubstance abusers. Implications for using coffee drinking as a predictor of depression in substance abuse treatment settings are discussed.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1932-0620",
doi="10.1097/ADM.0000000000000077",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000077"
}