@article{ref1,
title="Differences in drowning rates between rural and non-rural residents of Ontario, Canada",
journal="International journal of aquatic research and education",
year="2013",
author="Fralick, Michael and Gallinger, Zane R. and Hwang, Stephen W.",
volume="7",
number="4",
pages="332-343",
abstract="The objective of our study was to determine if rural residence was associated with an increased risk of drowning in Ontario, Canada. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all unintentional drowning deaths in Ontario, Canada from 2004-2008. Age-adjusted mortality rates for males and females living in rural and nonrural areas were calculated using direct standardization, with non-rural residents as the reference population. We identified a total of 564 unintentional drowning deaths. The majority (89%) of fatal drowning victims were male, and 75% percent of victims were from non-rural areas. Excluding bathtub drowning deaths, the age-adjusted drowning mortality rate was significantly higher for both males (rate ratio 2.8; 95% CI, 2.3-3.4) and females (rate ratio 2.8; 95% CI, 1.5-5.0) from rural compared with non-rural areas. In Ontario, rural residence was associated with an increased risk of unintentional drowning.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1932-9997",
doi="10.25035/ijare.07.04.06",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.25035/ijare.07.04.06"
}