@article{ref1,
title="Beyond Bullying: Aggravating Elements of Peer Victimization Episodes",
journal="School psychology quarterly",
year="2014",
author="Turner, Heather A. and Finkelhor, Simon David and Shattuck, Anne M. and Hamby, Sherry L. and Mitchell, Kimberly",
volume="30",
number="3",
pages="366-384",
abstract="This study sought to identify features of peer victimization that aggravate negative outcomes in children. The features that were assessed include &quot;power imbalance,&quot; a commonly used criterion in defining bullying, and 5 other characteristics: injury, weapon involvement, Internet involvement, sexual content, and bias content. Three outcomes were assessed: level of fear, missing school, and trauma symptoms. A nationally representative sample of 3,164 children and youth ages 6-17 (51.8% male; 68.4% white, 12.5% black, 13.5% Hispanic, 5.7% other race) was obtained through Random Digit Dial and supplemented with an address-based sample to capture cell-phone-only households. One child was randomly selected from each household. Interviews were conducted with parents of children age 6-9 and with the youths themselves if they were age 10-17. Peer victimization was assessed with the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ). Almost half (48.4%) of the entire sample of school-age children experienced at least 1 form of peer victimization in the past year. Injury and power imbalance independently increased the impact on children for all 3 outcomes. Additionally, weapon involvement and sexual content were associated with trauma symptoms, with sexual content having the strongest effect (B =.23, p <.001). This diversity of aggravating features suggests a need to reconsider the current emphasis on prioritizing bullying with its exclusionary power imbalance definition as the central focus for prevention and intervention. We recommend a broader focus on peer victimization along with more research to identify the aggravating features that signal the greatest need for intervention. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1045-3830",
doi="10.1037/spq0000058",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/spq0000058"
}