@article{ref1,
title="Violence during pregnancy among women with or at risk for HIV infection",
journal="American journal of public health",
year="2002",
author="Fernandez, M. Isabel and Callahan, Michelle Renee and Wilson, Thad E. and Royce, Rachel A. and Whitaker, Daniel J. and Koenig, Linda J.",
volume="92",
number="3",
pages="367-370",
abstract="OBJECTIVES: This study estimated the prevalence of violence during pregnancy in relation to HIV infection. METHODS: Violence, current partnerships, and HIV risk behaviors were assessed among 336 HIV-seropositive and 298 HIV-seronegative at-risk pregnant women. RESULTS: Overall, 8.9% of women experienced recent violence; 21.5% currently had abusive partners. Violence was experienced by women in all partnership categories (range = 3.8% with nonabusive partners to 53.6% with physically abusive partners). Neither experiencing violence nor having an abusive partner differed by serostatus. Receiving an HIV diagnosis prenatally did not increase risk. Disclosure-related violence occurred, but was rare. CONCLUSIONS: Many HIV-infected pregnant women experience violence, but it is not typically attributable to their serostatus. Prenatal services should incorporate screening and counseling for all women at risk for violence.",
language="",
issn="0090-0036",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}