@article{ref1,
title="Alcohol and masculinity",
journal="Journal of substance abuse treatment",
year="1989",
author="Lemle, R. and Mishkind, M. E.",
volume="6",
number="4",
pages="213-222",
abstract="Alcohol use--and abuse--has always been more prevalent among males than among females. The sex role prescription for men to affirm their masculinity by drinking is a major determinant of this sex difference. This paper reviews the intricate interrelationship between masculinity and both social and alcoholic drinking. A large body of evidence indicates that social drinking is a primary cultural symbol of manliness; portrayals in the media strengthen this association. Less evidence exists to connect masculinity issues with alcoholic dependence, but there has been much speculation: Three psychodynamic theories of alcoholism--the repressed homosexuality, dependency, and power theories--hypothesized that men who drink addictively have the most fragile masculine identities. The 1980s have witnessed a widespread recognition of the dangers of equating drinking and manliness, and societal changes suggest that drinking may be gradually losing its masculine aura.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0740-5472",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}