@article{ref1,
title="Dynamic vibrotactile warning signals for frontal collision avoidance: towards the torso versus towards the head",
journal="Ergonomics",
year="2014",
author="Meng, Fanxing and Ho, Cristy and Gray, Rob and Spence, Charles",
volume="58",
number="3",
pages="411-425",
abstract="Three experiments were conducted to assess the effectiveness of dynamic vibrotactile warning signals with different spatial patterns and to compare dynamic towards-torso and towards-head vibrotactile warnings in a simulated driving task. The results revealed that embedding additional stimuli between the participant's hands and waist in the towards-torso cues (Experiment 1) and increasing the spatial distance between adjacent stimuli in the towards-head cues (Experiment 2) did not result in any further benefits in braking response times (BRTs). The triple towards-head cues resulting from the sequential operation of three pairs of stimuli on the torso gave rise to a significant advantage over the static cues; however, it did not outperform the dynamic towards-torso cues with just two pairs of stimuli. Taken together, these results demonstrated the promise of dynamic vibrotactile warnings (especially, the towards-torso warnings) in terms of the future design of more effective rear-end collision warnings.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0014-0139",
doi="10.1080/00140139.2014.976278",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2014.976278"
}