@article{ref1,
title="A direct brain-to-brain interface in humans",
journal="PLoS one",
year="2014",
author="Rao, Rajesh P. N. and Stocco, Andrea and Bryan, Matthew and Sarma, Devapratim and Youngquist, Tiffany M. and Wu, Joseph and Prat, Chantel S.",
volume="9",
number="11",
pages="e111332-e111332",
abstract="We describe the first direct brain-to-brain interface in humans and present results from experiments involving six different subjects. Our non-invasive interface, demonstrated originally in August 2013, combines electroencephalography (EEG) for recording brain signals with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for delivering information to the brain. We illustrate our method using a visuomotor task in which two humans must cooperate through direct brain-to-brain communication to achieve a desired goal in a computer game. The brain-to-brain interface detects motor imagery in EEG signals recorded from one subject (the &quot;sender&quot;) and transmits this information over the internet to the motor cortex region of a second subject (the &quot;receiver&quot;). This allows the sender to cause a desired motor response in the receiver (a press on a touchpad) via TMS. We quantify the performance of the brain-to-brain interface in terms of the amount of information transmitted as well as the accuracies attained in (1) decoding the sender's signals, (2) generating a motor response from the receiver upon stimulation, and (3) achieving the overall goal in the cooperative visuomotor task. Our results provide evidence for a rudimentary form of direct information transmission from one human brain to another using non-invasive means.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1932-6203",
doi="10.1371/journal.pone.0111332",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111332"
}