@article{ref1,
title="Electromyographic analysis and phase definition of the overhead football throw",
journal="American journal of sports medicine",
year="2002",
author="Kelly, Bryan T. and Backus, Sherry I. and Warren, Russell F. and Williams, Riley J.",
volume="30",
number="6",
pages="837-844",
abstract="BACKGROUND: The phases of the football throw need definition so that muscle activation patterns during the overhead football throw can be fully described. HYPOTHESIS: Electromyographic analysis of shoulder musculature can better define muscle activation patterns during the football throw. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive anatomic study. <br><br>METHODS: Videos of 20 elite-level quarterbacks were reviewed to define phases of the overhead football throw; 14 recreational male athletes underwent electromyography and motion analysis testing. <br><br>RESULTS: Four sequential phases of the football throw were consistently observed. Early cocking (49% +/- 11% of throw) was initiated at rear foot plant and continued to maximal shoulder abduction and internal rotation. Late cocking (20% +/- 6%) started at maximal shoulder abduction and internal rotation and ended with maximal shoulder external rotation. The acceleration phase (15% +/- 4%) began with maximal shoulder external rotation and ended with ball release. Follow-through (16% +/- 5%) was defined as the phase from ball release to maximal horizontal adduction (across the body). <br><br>CONCLUSION: The four phases demonstrated little variation in motion analysis and electromyographic activation between subjects and were associated with muscle activation patterns consistent with upper extremity movements. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A clearer understanding of muscle activation patterns may help to explain patterns of muscle injury and improve rehabilitation protocols in football-throwing athletes.  Keywords: American football; <p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0363-5465",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}