@article{ref1,
title="Excess mortality attributable to hip fracture in white women aged 70 years and older",
journal="American journal of public health",
year="1997",
author="Hebel, J. R. and Epstein, R. S. and Zimmerman, S. I. and Fox, K. M. and Hawkes, W. and Lydick, E. and Magaziner, J.",
volume="87",
number="10",
pages="1630-1636",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to estimate the excess mortality attributable to hip fracture. METHODS: The 6-year survival rate of community-dwelling White female hip fracture patients aged 70 years and older entering one of seven hospitals from 1984 to 1986 (n = 578) was compared with that of White female respondents aged 70 years and older interviewed in 1984 for the Longitudinal Study on Aging (n = 3773). RESULTS: After age, education, comorbidity, and functional impairment were controlled, the mortality differential between the two groups accumulated to an excess among hip fracture patients of 9 deaths per 100 women 5 years postfracture. Among those with three or more functional impairments or one or more comorbidities, the excess was 7 deaths per 100: the effect of the fracture had disappeared in these groups by 4 years. In contrast, those with two or fewer impairments and those with no comorbidities had a continuing trend of increased mortality, with an excess of 14 deaths per 100 by 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: There is an immediate increase in mortality following a hip fracture in medically ill and functionally impaired patients, whereas among those with no comorbidities and few impairments, there is a gradual increase in mortality that continues for 5 years postfracture.",
language="",
issn="0090-0036",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}