@article{ref1,
title="Auditory hallucinations associated with migraine: case series and literature review",
journal="Cephalalgia",
year="2014",
author="Miller, Eli E. and Grosberg, Brian M. and Crystal, Sara C. and Robbins, Matthew S.",
volume="35",
number="10",
pages="923-930",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to describe auditory hallucinations (paracusias) associated with migraine attacks to yield insights into their clinical significance and pathogenesis. <br><br>BACKGROUND: Isolated observations have documented rare associations of migraine with auditory hallucinations. Unlike visual, somatosensory, language, motor, and brainstem symptoms, paracusias with acute headache attacks are not a recognized aura symptom by the International Headache Society, and no systematic review has addressed this association. <br><br>METHODS: We retrospectively studied patients experiencing paracusias associated with migraine at our center and in the literature. <br><br>RESULTS: We encountered 12 patients (our center = 5, literature = 7), 58% were female, and 75% had typical migraine aura. Hallucinations most commonly featured voices (58%), 75% experienced them during headache, and the duration was most often <1 hour (67%). No patients described visual aura evolving to paracusias. Most patients (50%) had either a current or previous psychiatric disorder, most commonly depression (67%). The course of headache and paracusias were universally congruent, including improvement with headache prophylaxis (58%). <br><br>CONCLUSION: Paracusias uncommonly co-occur with migraine and usually feature human voices. Their timing and high prevalence in patients with depression may suggest that paracusias are not necessarily a form of migraine aura, though could be a migraine trait symptom. Alternative mechanisms include perfusion changes in primary auditory cortex, serotonin-related ictal perceptual changes, or a release phenomenon in the setting of phonophobia with avoidance of a noisy environment.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0333-1024",
doi="10.1177/0333102414563088",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102414563088"
}