@article{ref1,
title="Associations between a history of traumatic brain injuries and current cigarette smoking, cannabis use, nonmedical opioid use, and elevated psychological distress in a population sample of Canadian adults",
journal="Journal of neurotrauma",
year="2014",
author="Ilie, Gabriela and Adlaf, Edward M. and Mann, Robert E. and Ialomiteanu, Anca and Hamilton, Hayley and Rehm, Jürgen and Asbridge, Mark and Cusimano, Michael D.",
volume="32",
number="14",
pages="1130-1134",
abstract="BACKGROUND: This study describes the prevalence of reported history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and its association with reports of current substance use, cigarette smoking and psychological distress among Canadian adults in a population sample. <br><br>METHODS: A cross-sectional sample of 1,999 Ontario adults aged 18 to 93 were surveyed by telephone in 2011 as part of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health's ongoing representative survey of adult mental health and substance use in Ontario, Canada. Loss of consciousness for at least five minutes or at least one overnight hospitalization due to symptoms associated with the head injury represented minimum criteria for TBI. <br><br>RESULTS: An estimated 16.8% (95% CI: 14.8, 19.0) of adults reported a TBI in their lifetime. Men had higher prevalence of TBI than women. Adults who reported a history of TBI had higher odds of reported past year daily smoking (AOR=2.15), using cannabis (AOR=2.80) and nonmedical opioids (AOR=2.90), as well as screened significantly for elevated psychological distress (AOR=1.97) in the past few weeks, compared to adults without a history of TBI. <br><br>CONCLUSION: The co-occurrence of a history of TBI with current elevated psychological distress and substance use warrants vigilance among medical practitioners to assess the possibility of a history of TBI during reviews of the history leading to the occurrence of these conditions.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0897-7151",
doi="10.1089/neu.2014.3619",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2014.3619"
}