@article{ref1,
title="Psychological sequelae of the Station nightclub fire: comparing survivors with and without physical injuries using a mixed-methods analysis",
journal="PLoS one",
year="2014",
author="Trinh, Nhi-Ha T. and Nadler, Deborah L. and Shie, Vivian and Fregni, Felipe and Gilman, Stephen E. and Ryan, Colleen M. and Schneider, Jeffrey C.",
volume="9",
number="12",
pages="e115013-e115013",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Surveying survivors from a large fire provides an opportunity to explore the impact of emotional trauma on psychological outcomes. <br><br>METHODS: This is a cross-sectional survey of survivors of The Station Fire. Primary outcomes were post-traumatic stress (Impact of Event Scale - Revised) and depressive (Beck Depression Inventory) symptoms. Linear regression was used to examine differences in symptom profiles between those with and without physical injuries. The free-response section of the survey was analyzed qualitatively to compare psychological sequelae of survivors with and without physical injuries. <br><br>RESULTS: 104 participants completed the study survey; 47% experienced a burn injury. There was a 42% to 72% response rate range. The mean age of respondents was 32 years, 62% were male, and 47% experienced a physical injury. No significant relationships were found between physical injury and depressive or post-traumatic stress symptom profiles. In the qualitative analysis, the emotional trauma that survivors experienced was a major, common theme regardless of physical injury. Survivors without physical injuries were more likely to experience survivor guilt, helplessness, self-blame, and bitterness. Despite the post-fire challenges described, most survivors wrote about themes of recovery and renewal. <br><br>CONCLUSIONS: All survivors of this large fire experienced significant psychological sequelae. These findings reinforce the importance of mental health care for all survivors and suggest a need to understand factors influencing positive outcomes.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1932-6203",
doi="10.1371/journal.pone.0115013",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115013"
}