@article{ref1,
title="Functional and structural traumatic brain injury in equestrian sports: a review of the literature",
journal="World neurosurgery",
year="2014",
author="Zuckerman, Scott L. and Morgan, Clinton D. and Burks, Stephen and Forbes, Jonathan A. and Chambless, Lola B. and Solomon, Gary S. and Sills, Allen K.",
volume="83",
number="6",
pages="1098-1113",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: Sports-related concussions (SRC) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) represent a growing public health concern. We reviewed the literature regarding equestrian-related brain injury (ERBI), ranging from concussion to severe TBI. <br><br>METHODS: A literature review was performed to address the epidemiology of SRC and TBI in equestrian-related sports. MEDLINE and PUBMED databases were searched to identify all studies pertaining to brain injury in equestrian-related sports. We included two broad types of brain injury using a distinction established in the literature: 1) TBI with functional impairment, including concussion, or mild TBI, with negative imaging findings; 2) TBI with structural impairment, with positive imaging and at least one of the following pathologies identified: subdural hemorrhage (SDH), epidural hemorrhage (EDH), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH), cerebral contusions, and skull fractures. <br><br>RESULTS: Our literature search yielded 199 results. We found 26 studies describing functional TBI and 25 mentioning structural TBI, and 8 including both. Of all modern sporting activities, equestrian sports were found to cause some of the highest rates of total bodily injury, severe brain injury, and mortality. Concussions comprise approximately 9.7-15% of all equestrian-related injuries brought to hospitals for evaluation. Structural TBI was rare, and documentation of these injuries was poor. While demographic risk factors like age and sex are minimally discussed in the literature, two studies identified a protective effect of increasing rider experience on all forms of bodily injury. However it remains unclear if increasing rider experience protects specifically against head injury. Finally, rates of helmet use in horseback riding remain dismally low - ranging from 9-25%, depending on the activity. These low rates have persisted over time, despite evidence in this literature that helmets lead to an absolute risk reduction for head injury of 40-50% in equestrian sports. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Equestrian-related functional and structural TBI, represents a significant public health burden. Rider and horse characteristics make the sport uniquely dangerous, as the athlete has limited control over an animal weighing over a thousand pounds. Helmet use rates remain very low despite clear evidence of risk reduction. Healthcare providers are strongly urged to lobby professional and governmental organizations for mandatory helmet use in all equestrian sports.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1878-8750",
doi="10.1016/j.wneu.2014.12.030",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2014.12.030"
}