@article{ref1,
title="Votes and violence: evidence from a field experiment in Nigeria",
journal="Economic journal",
year="2014",
author="Collier, Paul and Vicente, Pedro C.",
volume="124",
number="574",
pages="F327-F355",
abstract="Elections are now common in low-income societies. However, they are frequently flawed. We investigate a Nigerian election marred by violence. We designed and conducted a nationwide field experiment based on anti-violence campaigning. The campaign appealed to collective action through electoral participation, and worked through town meetings, popular theatres and door-to-door distribution of materials. We find that the campaign decreased violence perceptions and increased empowerment to counteract violence. We observe a rise in voter turnout and infer that the intimidation was dissociated from incumbents. These effects are accompanied by a reduction in the intensity of actual violence, as measured by journalists.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0013-0133",
doi="10.1111/ecoj.12109",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12109"
}