@article{ref1,
title="Childhood physical abuse and sociopathy: is this link magnified among firstborn children?",
journal="Journal of aggression, maltreatment and trauma",
year="2014",
author="King, Alan R.",
volume="23",
number="9",
pages="963-981",
abstract="The Psychopathic Deviate scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) provides a valid psychometric index of sociopathic tendencies in both clinical and nonclinical samples. Childhood physical abuse has provided a robust predictor of sociopathic penchants. The link between childhood physical abuse and MMPI-2 Psychopathic Deviate scores was examined (N = 322) as a function of birth order. A significant childhood physical abuse by birth order interaction was found (p <.0001, η2 =.62) with a 6-fold increase in relative risk of a Psychopathic Deviate elevation (T > 70) found for firstborn participants. Childhood physical abuse predicted Psychopathic Deviate scores for firstborn (r =.50, p <.0001, d = 1.15) and middle-born (r =.24, p =.006, d =.49) offspring. Harris-Lingoes subscale scores suggested firstborns felt selectively alienated from self and others in response to childhood physical abuse experiences.<p />",
language="en",
issn="1092-6771",
doi="10.1080/10926771.2014.953718",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2014.953718"
}