@article{ref1,
title="Ethnic identity and self-esteem: a review and integration",
journal="Hispanic journal of behavioral sciences",
year="1991",
author="Phinney, Jean S.",
volume="13",
number="2",
pages="193-208",
abstract="In order to clarify the relationship between ethnic identity and self-esteem, this article identifies a number of components of ethnic identity and examines research linking each component to self-esteem. Research generally has found a weak or inconsistent relationship between self-esteem and the following components: negative stereotypes of one's group; acceptance versus rejection of one's group membership; knowledge about one's group; and commitment to the group. Failure to find a clearer relationship may be a result of not taking into account the ethnic group member's relationship to the mainstream culture. There is evidence to suggest that a strong ethnic identity, when accompanied by a positive mainstream orientation, is related to high self-esteem, whereas without some adaptation to the mainstream it may be problematic.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0739-9863",
doi="10.1177/07399863910132005",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07399863910132005"
}