@article{ref1,
title="Altered neurochemistry in former professional soccer players without a history of concussion",
journal="Journal of neurotrauma",
year="2015",
author="Koerte, Inga Katharina and Lin, Alexander P. and Muehlmann, Marc and Merugumala, Sai and Liao, Huijun and Starr, Tyler and Kaufmann, David and Mayinger, Michael and Steffinger, Denise and Fisch, Barbara and Karch, Susanne and Heinen, Florian and Ertl-Wagner, Birgit and Reiser, Maximilian and Stern, Robert and Zafonte, Ross D. and Shenton, Martha E.",
volume="32",
number="17",
pages="1287-1293",
abstract="Soccer is played by more than 250 million people worldwide. Repeatedly heading the ball may place soccer players at high risk for repetitive subconcussive head impacts (RSHI). This study evaluates the long-term effects of RSHI on neurochemistry in athletes without a history of clinically diagnosed concussion, but with a high exposure to RSHI. Eleven former professional soccer players (mean age 52.0 ± 6.8 years) and a comparison cohort of fourteen age- and gender-matched former non-contact sport athletes (mean age 46.9 ± 7.9 years) underwent 3T magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and neurocognitive evaluation. In the soccer players a significant increase was observed in both, choline, a membrane marker, and myo-inositol, a marker of glial activation, compared to control athletes. Additionally, myo-inositol and glutathione were significantly correlated with lifetime estimate of RSHI within the soccer group. There was no significant difference in neurocognitive tests between groups. <br><br>RESULTS of this study suggest an association between RSHI in soccer players and MRS markers of neuroinflammation, suggesting that even subconcussive head impacts affect the neurochemistry of the brain and may precede neurocognitive changes. Future studies will need to determine the role of neuroinflammation in RSHI and the effect on neurocognitive function.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0897-7151",
doi="10.1089/neu.2014.3715",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2014.3715"
}