@article{ref1,
title="Inconsistencies in associations between crime and walking: a reflection of poverty and density",
journal="International journal of sustainable transportation",
year="2015",
author="Lachapelle, Ugo and Noland, Robert B.",
volume="9",
number="2",
pages="103-115",
abstract="Higher crime rates theoretically deter walking, yet empirical analyses show mixed results. It is hypothesized that more walking occurs in low-income, high-density municipalities that have higher crime rates. Gender, car ownership and relative wealth may also moderate associations between crime and walking. A statewide New Jersey survey (n = 673) of walking was linked to crime and census data. Women were more likely to walk for exercise, but less likely as crime rose. Carless households and wealthier respondents did more non-discretionary walking, but walked less in municipalities with higher crime rates. Poorer, high-density municipalities have higher crime rates and more walking.<p />",
language="en",
issn="1556-8318",
doi="10.1080/15568318.2012.742947",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2012.742947"
}