@article{ref1,
title="The Immediate Effects of Homicidal, Suicidal, and Nonviolent Heavy Metal and Rap Songs on the Moods of College Students",
journal="Youth and society",
year="1995",
author="Ballard, Mary E. and Coates, S.",
volume="27",
number="2",
pages="148-168",
abstract="The authors examined the impact of homicidal, suicidal, and nonviolent heavy metal and rap songs on the moods of male undergraducates under the guise of administering a memory for lyrics test. Subjects heard one of six songs and completed a memory task. Subjects completed several mood inventories as part of a &quot;second study.&quot; There were no effects of song content or music type on suicidal ideation, anxiety, or self-esteem. The nonviolent rap song elicited higher Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores than the violent rap songs. And, rap songs elicited significantly more angry responses than heavy metal songs.<p />",
language="",
issn="0044-118X",
doi="10.1177/0044118X95027002003",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118X95027002003"
}