@article{ref1,
title="Measuring individual differences in the perfect automation schema",
journal="Human factors",
year="2015",
author="Merritt, Stephanie M. and Unnerstall, Jennifer L. and Lee, Deborah and Huber, Kelli",
volume="57",
number="5",
pages="740-753",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: A self-report measure of the perfect automation schema (PAS) is developed and tested. <br><br>BACKGROUND: Researchers have hypothesized that the extent to which users possess a PAS is associated with greater decreases in trust after users encounter automation errors. However, no measure of the PAS currently exists. We developed a self-report measure assessing two proposed PAS factors: high expectations and all-or-none thinking about automation performance. <br><br>METHOD: In two studies, participants responded to our PAS measure, interacted with imperfect automated aids, and reported trust. <br><br>RESULTS: Each of the two PAS measure factors demonstrated fit to the hypothesized factor structure and convergent and discriminant validity when compared with propensity to trust machines and trust in a specific aid. However, the high expectations and all-or-none thinking scales showed low intercorrelations and differential relationships with outcomes, suggesting that they might best be considered two separate constructs rather than two subfactors of the PAS. All-or-none thinking had significant associations with decreases in trust following aid errors, whereas high expectations did not. <br><br>RESULTS therefore suggest that the all-or-none thinking scale may best represent the PAS construct. <br><br>CONCLUSION: Our PAS measure (specifically, the all-or-none thinking scale) significantly predicted the severe trust decreases thought to be associated with high PAS. Further, it demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties across two samples. APPLICATION: This measure may be used in future work to assess levels of PAS in users of automated systems in either research or applied settings.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0018-7208",
doi="10.1177/0018720815581247",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720815581247"
}